Энергетические затраты основного обмена

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[ energy requirements of the human organism ]

     (Греч.: ένεργεια – энергия; 1599).
Энергетические потребности организма – это количествоэнергии, необходимое для сохранения нормальнойструктурно–функциональнойцелостностиорганизма, то есть для долговременного поддержания в нормальных пределах уровней и дисперсий: размеров тела, структуры тела, всех функций организма, любых видов активностичеловека любого пола и возраста. Источником этой энергии является потребляемая пища.

В РАЗРАБОТКЕ      =      UNDER CONSTRUCTION

2.3 COMPONENTS OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Human beings need energy for the following:

.. Basal metabolism. This comprises a series of functions that are essential for life, such as cell
function and replacement; the synthesis, secretion and metabolism of enzymes and hormones to
transport proteins and other substances and molecules; the maintenance of body temperature;
uninterrupted work of cardiac and respiratory muscles; and brain function. The amount of energy
used for basal metabolism in a period of time is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR), and is
measured under standard conditions that include being awake in the supine position after ten to
12 hours of fasting and eight hours of physical rest, and being in a state of mental relaxation in an
ambient environmental temperature that does not elicit heat-generating or heat-dissipating
processes. Depending on age and lifestyle, BMR represents 45 to 70 percent of daily total energy
expenditure, and it is determined mainly by the individual’s age, gender, body size and body
composition.

.. Metabolic response to food. Eating requires energy for the ingestion and digestion of food,
and for the absorption, transport, interconversion, oxidation and deposition of nutrients. These
metabolic processes increase heat production and oxygen consumption, and are known by terms
such as dietary-induced thermogenesis, specific dynamic action of food and thermic effect of
feeding. The metabolic response to food increases total energy expenditure by about 10 percent of
the BMR over a 24-hour period in individuals eating a mixed diet.

.. Physical activity. This is the most variable and, after BMR, the second largest component of
daily energy expenditure. Humans perform obligatory and discretionary physical activities.
Obligatory activities can seldom be avoided within a given setting, and they are imposed on the
individual by economic, cultural or societal demands. The term “obligatory” is more
comprehensive than the term “occupational” that was used in the 1985 report (WHO, 1985)
because, in addition to occupational work, obligatory activities include daily activities such as
going to school, tending to the home and family and other demands made on children and adults
by their economic, social and cultural environment.
Discretionary activities, although not socially or economically essential, are important for
health, well-being and a good quality of life in general. They include the regular practice of
physical activity for fitness and health; the performance of optional household tasks that may
contribute to family comfort and well-being; and the engagement in individually and socially
desirable activities for personal enjoyment, social interaction and community development.

.. Growth. The energy cost of growth has two components: 1) the energy needed to synthesize
growing tissues; and 2) the energy deposited in those tissues. The energy cost of growth is about
35 percent of total energy requirement during the first three months of age, falls rapidly to about
5 percent at 12 months and about 3 percent in the second year, remains at 1 to 2 percent until
mid-adolescence, and is negligible in the late teens.

.. Pregnancy. During pregnancy, extra energy is needed for the growth of the foetus, placenta
and various maternal tissues, such as in the uterus, breasts and fat stores, as well as for changes in
maternal metabolism and the increase in maternal effort at rest and during physical activity.
.. Lactation. The energy cost of lactation has two components: 1) the energy content of the milk
secreted; and 2) the energy required to produce that milk. Well-nourished lactating women can
derive part of this additional requirement from body fat stores accumulated during pregnancy.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e0a.htm#TopOfPage
6. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PREGNANCY
7. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF LACTATION
FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 1

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Human energy requirements
Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation
Rome, 17-24 October 2001
UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2004
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e00.htm#Contents
2_145/Human energy requirements2004.pdf