Use of Cloud Computing Applications and Services | Pew Research Center

A team of administrators and other technical staffers deploy and manage the company’s IT infrastructure and assets. IT teams depend on a wide range of specialized information and technology skills and knowledge to support equipment, applications and activities. Third-party contractors and IT vendor support personnel augment the IT team.

The information technology profession is extremely diverse: IT workers can specialize in fields like software development, application management, hardware — desktop support, server or storage administrator — and network architecture. Many businesses seek IT professionals with mixed or overlapping skill sets.

Common IT careers:

Chief information officer: This person is responsible for IT and computer systems that support the enterprise’s goals.

Chief technology officer: This person sets all technology goals and policies within an organization.

IT director: This person is responsible for the function of all of the business’s technology tools and processes. This role is commonly called IT manager or IT leader.

Systems administrator: This person configures, manages, supports and troubleshoots a multi-user computing environment. Within an enterprise, this role can be segmented by technology, requiring an administrator or team dedicated to server, desktop, network, virtualization or other components.

Application manager: This person’s role centers on the provisioning and management of a high-value business application, such as Exchange.

Developer: This person or team writes, updates and tests code for programs to meet business objectives internally or facing customers.

Architect: This person examines and changes IT functions to best support the business

Stands for “Information and Communication Technologies.” ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information throughtelecommunications. It is similar toInformation Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.

In the past few decades, information and communication technologies have provided society with a vast array of new communication capabilities. For example, people can communicate in real-time with others in different countries using technologies such as instant messaging, voice over IP (VoIP), and video-conferencing. Social networking websites like Facebook allow users from all over the world to remain in contact and communicate on a regular basis.

15. Modern information and communication technologies have created a “global village,” in which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door. For this reason, ICT is often studied in the context of how modern communication technologies affect society.

15.Describe the modern IT trends in the professional sphere

The biggest advantage in using the World Wide Web as a source for research is that it lets us look at specific topics from an interdisciplinary perspective. Due to the large volume of published literature in the library, researchers have had a tendency to stay within their own fields when they search for references. By doing so, they may have been restricting themselves to their own fields and may have had little idea of the kind of studies in other disciplines that may be helpful. This also happens within a single discipline such as Psychology. The developmental psychologists have their own journals while the social psychologists have others, with little chance for the various disciplines to integrate. In looking for information on the Web, searches are often more general in nature, which may bring us information that otherwise may not have caught our attention.

Another advantage in using the Web for academic research is the ability to gain access to the most current information. Since studies can take months (or years) to get published, data can be outdated by the time it reaches the shelves of our libraries. Direct access to current information increases the effectiveness of scientists in their search for information in their areas of interest. This is where the third advantage of using the Web comes in: the Word Wide Web has made it possible for individuals to contact researchers quite easily by using e-mail or campus Web sites. This ease of communication is a tremendous advantage for those of us who are beginning researchers since we are often able to get valuable advice/guidance from the original source of information on the Web. Although we have been and are still somewhat restricted by only having faculty members as our direct source of guidance in our research, this may be slowly changing as we gain the ability to contact many researchers via the Internet.

The internet is an ideal tool for medical literature search, physician education, patient education and telemedicine. Organizations, journals, educational resources, academic departments, patient-oriented, corporate and index sites individual and group practices are some of the categories of websites. Internet based communica-

tions are evolving at a tremendous rate. It is very difficult to determine the size and distribution of medical professionals who have access to internet.

Some of the many commonly used internet modalities are e-mail, World Wide Web, News group, real time chat, File Transfer Protocol, Gopher and remote computing applications such as Telnet. The amount of online information is constantly growing at an exponential rate but users should be aware of the critical need for quality control and validation of internet medical resources. Development in the information communication technology had made the whole world a global village with the collapse of traditional constraints of space and time. The convergence of computer and communication technologies has created a new channel of networking, which has revolutionized the traditional communication process by providing required information links and routes throughout the world.

The Oregon Health Authority has partnered with the Oregon Health Leadership Council to launch the Emergency Department Information Exchange (EDIE) with Oregon’s 59 hospitals. EDIE provides emergency departments with real-time notifications and key care summaries for patients who visit the emergency department frequently, with the goal of reducing avoidable hospital utilization and improving health outcomes. Real-time notifications allow clinicians to identify patients who visit the emergency room often and those with complex care needs, which helps them to direct patients to outpatient and other care settings when appropriate.

Specify the data representation stages in computer systems.

Step 1: Create a basic chart

For most charts, such as column and bar charts, you can plot the data that you arrange in rows or columns on a worksheet into a chart. However, some chart types (such as pie and bubble charts) require a specific data arrangement.

1. On the worksheet, arrange the data that you want to plot in a chart.

The data can be arranged in rows or columns — Excel automatically determines the best way to plot the data in the chart. Some chart types (such as pie and bubble charts) require a specific data arrangement.

Step 2: Change the layout or style of a chart

After you create a chart, you can instantly change its look. Instead of manually adding or changing chart elements or formatting the chart, you can quickly apply a predefined layout and style to your chart. Excel provides a variety of useful predefined layouts and styles (or quick layouts and quick styles) that you can select from, but you can customize a layout or style as needed by manually changing the layout and format of individual chart elements.

Step 3: Add or remove titles or data labels

To make a chart easier to understand, you can add titles, such as a chart title and axis titles. Axis titles are typically available for all axes that can be displayed in a chart, including depth (series) axes in 3-D charts. Some chart types (such as radar charts) have axes, but they cannot display axis titles. Chart types that do not have axes (such as pie and doughnut charts) cannot display axis titles either.

You can also link chart and axis titles to corresponding text in worksheet cells by creating a reference to those cells. Linked titles are automatically updated in the chart when you change the corresponding text on the worksheet.

To quickly identify a data series in a chart, you can add data labels to the data points of the chart. By default, the data labels are linked to values on the worksheet, and they update automatically when changes are made to these values.

Step 4: Show or hide a legend

When you create a chart, the legend appears, but you can hide the legend or change its location after you create the chart.

Step 5: Display or hide chart axes or gridlines

When you create a chart, primary axes are displayed for most chart types. You can turn them on or off as needed. When you add axes, you can specify the level of detail that you want the axes to display. A depth axis is displayed when you create a 3-D chart.

When the values in a chart vary widely from data series to data series, or when you have mixed types of data (for example, price and volume), you can plot one or more data series on a secondary vertical (value) axis. The scale of the secondary vertical axis reflects the values for the associated data series. After you add a secondary vertical axis to a chart, you can also add a secondary horizontal (category) axis, which might be useful in an xy (scatter) chart or bubble chart.

To make a chart easier to read, you can display or hide the horizontal and vertical chart gridlines that extend from any horizontal and vertical axes across the plot area of the chart.

Step 6: Move or resize a chart

You can move a chart to any location on a worksheet or to a new or existing worksheet. You can also change the size of the chart for a better fit.

Step 7: Save a chart as a template

If you want to create another chart such as the one that you just created, you can save the chart as a template that you can use as the basis for other similar charts

In the computer world, the term mobile device refers to any electronic device that be easily moved from one location to another. Overtime, this category has expanded to include cell phones, laptops, smartphones, smartwatches, and other portable devices. The picture shows an example of one of the most common mobile devices today: the tablet computer.

Mobile device history.

Laptops became one of the first mobile computing devices by eliminating the wires between the computer and its peripherals; then integrating them in to one unit. Today, mobile device usually refers to any hand-held computer capable of running applications that can connect to the Internet wirelessly. However, even by today’s more scrupulous standards, the category keeps expanding with new inventions. As is true in any branch of computing, our mobile devices continue to offer more advanced functions while reducing size and weight.

Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile code division multiple access (CDMA) technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld game console. Many experts argue that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks.

One of the most important features in the 4G mobile networks is the domination of high speed packet transmission or brust traffic chanells. The same codes used to in the 2G 3G networks are applied to 4G mobile or wireless networks. 

Specify information processing in tabular processor

Microsoft Excel 2007 is an electronic spreadsheet software package that allows you to organize data in a tabular format, perform mathematical calculations, and analyze data. This software includes functions, formulas, and charts. It is commonly used in business, engineering, mathematics, and statistics.

In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks.

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576. The number of columns and rows you can have in a worksheet is limited by your computer memory and your system resources.

Creating a New Workbook

It is easy to create a new workbook! Simply, click on Office Button – New and click on Blank Workbook to create a new workbook.

Creating a New Worksheet

Creating a new worksheet is just as easy. By default, each Excel workbook contains three worksheets. Three tabs displaying Sheet 1, Sheet 2, and Sheet 3 will be displayed at the bottom of the workbook to indicate the separate sheets. To add a new worksheet, simply click on the tab after the tab that says Sheet 3.

The combination of a column coordinate and a row coordinate make up a cell address. For example, the cell located in the upper-left corner of the worksheet is cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under column E on row 10. You enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.. The cell address is visible in the Name Box. Place your cursor in the first cell, A1. The formula bar will display the cell address in the Name Box on the left side of the Formula bar. Notice that the address changes as you move around the sheet. You can easily move from cell to cell by pressing tab or using the arrow keys.

Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data

When you enter formulas into your Excel worksheet, the formulas can calculate automatically.

In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells. Whether you enter a number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical formula, precede the formula with an equal sign. Use the following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform:

· : Addition

· -: Subtraction

· *: Multiplication

· /: Division

In the following exercises, you practice some of the methods you can use to move around a worksheet and you learn how to perform mathematical calculations.

AutoSum

You can use the AutoSum button on the Home tab to automatically add a column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button , Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel’s guess as to which numbers you want to add is wrong, you can select the cells you want.

When you perform mathematical calculations in Excel, be careful of precedence. Calculations are performed from left to right, with multiplication and division performed before addition and subtraction.

Copy, Cut, Paste, and Cell Addressing

In Excel, you can copy data from one area of a worksheet and place the data you copied anywhere in the same or another worksheet. In other words, after you type information into a worksheet, if you want to place the same information somewhere else, you do not have to retype the information. You simple copy it and then paste it in the new location.

You can use Excel’s Cut feature to remove information from a worksheet. Then you can use the Paste feature to place the information you cut anywhere in the same or another worksheet. In other words, you can move information from one place in a worksheet to another place in the same or different worksheet by using the Cut and Paste features.

Microsoft Excel records cell addresses in formulas in three different ways, called absolute, relative, and mixed. The way a formula is recorded is important when you copy it. With relative cell addressing, when you copy a formula from one area of the worksheet to another, Excel records the position of the cell relative to the cell that originally contained the formula. With absolute cell addressing, when you copy a formula from one area of the worksheet to another, Excel references the same cells, no matter where you copy the formula. You can use mixed cell addressing to keep the row constant while the column changes, or vice versa.

Show properties of operating systems.

Operating System – Properties Following are few of very important tasks that Operating System handles Batch processing Batch processing is a technique in which Operating System collects one programs and data together in a batch before processing starts. Operating system does the following activities related to batch processing. OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs and data as a single unit.

· OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any manual information.

· Jobs are processed in the order of submission i.e first come first served fashion.

· When job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output for the job gets copied into an output spool

· for later printing or processing.

ADVANTAGES Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the computer.

· Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the previous job finished without any manual intervention.

· DISADVANTAGES Difficult to debug program.

· A job could enter an infinite loop.

· Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.

Multitasking refers to term where multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching between them. Switches occur so frequently that the users may interact with each program while it is running. Operating system does the following activities related to multitasking. The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and receives an immediate response.

· Operating System handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple operations / executes multiple programs at a time.

 Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems. These Operating Systems were developed to provide interactive use of a computer system at a reasonable cost.· A time-shared operating system uses concept of CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a· small portion of a time-shared CPU. Each user has at least one separate program in memory.· A program that is loaded into memory and is executing is commonly referred to as a process.· When a process executes, it typically executes for only a very short time before it either finishes or needs to perform· I/O. Since interactive I/O typically runs at people speeds, it may take a long time to completed. During this time a CPU· can be utilized by another process. Operating system allows the users to share the computer simultaneously. Since each action or command in a timeshared· system tends to be short, only a little CPU time is needed for each user. As the system switches CPU rapidly from one user/program to the next, each user is given the impression that· he/she has his/her own CPU, whereas actually one CPU is being shared among many users.

Multiprogramming When two or more programs are residing in memory at the same time, then sharing the processor is referred to the multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute. Following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming system. Operating system does the following activities related to multiprogramming. The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.· This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.· The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the job in the memory.· Multiprogramming operating system monitors the state of all active programs and system resources using memory· management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle unless there are no jobs ADVANTAGES High and efficient CPU utilization.· User feels that many programs are allotted CPU almost simultaneously.·

 DISADVANTAGES CPU scheduling is required.· To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.· Interactivity Interactivity refers that a User is capable to interact with computer system. Operating system does the following activities related to interactivity. OS provides user an interface to interact with system.· OS managers input devices to take inputs from the user. For example, keyboard.· OS manages output devices to show outputs to the user. For example, Monitor.· OS Response time needs to be short since the user submits and waits for the result.· Real Time System Real time systems represents are usually dedicated, embedded systems. Operating system does the following activities related to real time system activity. In such systems, Operating Systems typically read from and react to sensor data.· The Operating system must guarantee response to events within fixed periods of time to ensure correct performance.·

Distributed Environment Distributed environment refers to multiple independent CPUs or processors in a computer system. Operating system does the following activities related to distributed environment. OS Distributes computation logics among several physical processors.· The processors do not share memory or a clock.· Instead, each processor has its own local memory.· OS manages the communications between the processors. They communicate with each other through various· communication lines.

Spooling Spooling is an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations on line. Spooling refers to putting data of various I/O jobs in a buffer. This buffer is a special area in memory or hard disk which is accessible to I/O devices. Operating system does the following activites related to distributed environment. OS handles I/O device data spooling as devices have different data access rates.· OS maintains the spooling buffer which provides a waiting station where data can rest while the slower device· catches up. OS maintains parallel computation because of spooling process as a computer can perform I/O in parallel fashin. It· becomes possible to have the computer read data from a tape, write data to disk and to write out to a tape printer while it is doing its computing task. ADVANTAGES The spooling operation uses a disk as a very large buffer.· Spooling is capable of overlapping I/O operation for one job with processor operations for another job.·